Перевод: с английского на русский

с русского на английский

С русского на:
Английский
С английского на:
Все языки
Испанский
Немецкий
Русский

limit of effective range

Толкование Перевод

1 limit of effective range

1) Метрология: предел измерений, предел рабочей части шкалы

2) Автоматика: предел измерения (наибольшее и наименьшее значение диапазона)

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > limit of effective range
2 limit of effective range

предел измерения ( наибольшее и наименьшее значение диапазона)

English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > limit of effective range
3 limit of the effective range
1. предел измерений (средства измерений)
предел измерений (средства измерений)
Наибольшее или наименьшее значение диапазона измерений (ОСТ 45.159-2000.1. Термины и определения (Минсвязи России)).
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
- limit of the effective range
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > limit of the effective range
4 limit of accelerometer effective range
1. предел измерений акселерометра
предел измерений акселерометра
Наибольшее или наименьшее значение диапазона измерений акселерометра.
[ ГОСТ 18955-73]

Тематики
- акселерометры
EN
- limit of accelerometer effective range
DE
- Meßgrenze eines Beschleunigungsaufnehmers
FR
- limite de l’étendue de mesure d'un accéléromètre
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > limit of accelerometer effective range
5 limit

1) предел; предельное количество; ограничение || ограничивать; задавать предел, задавать пределы || предельный; граничный

2) допуск; предельный размер

3) ограничитель; конечный выключатель

•

outside acceptable limits — вне допустимых пределов

to be beyond the limits — выходить за допустимые пределы

to go outside the limits — выходить за допустимые пределы

within the tolerance limits — в допустимых размерных пределах; в пределах допусков

- absolute limit
- acceleration limit
- acceptable limit of safety factor
- action limits
- alignment limits
- allowable limits
- average outgoing quality limit
- bending endurance limit
- confidence limit
- constraint limit
- control limits
- creep limit
- creeping limit
- detection limit
- double software limit
- down limit
- elastic limit
- electric limit
- emergency shutdown limit
- emission limit
- end-of-travel limit
- endurance limit
- EOT limit
- error limit
- fatigue endurance limit
- fatigue limit
- fault limits
- fixed stop limit
- force/torque/power limit
- grading limit
- innermost limit
- laser-annealing-induced solubility limit
- legibility limit
- limit of accuracy
- limit of action
- limit of effective range
- limit of endurance
- limit of size
- limit of tolerance
- limits of error
- limits of interference
- limits of reach
- lower limit
- machine overload limit
- maximum limit of size
- maximum material limit
- memory capacity limit
- minimum limit of size
- minimum material limit
- outermost limit
- pitting limit
- predetermined limit
- predetermined maximum limit
- preprogrammed limit
- prescribed limit
- preset limit
- preset size limit
- programmable limit
- proportional elastic limit
- proportional limit
- proportionality limit
- rate limit
- resolution limit
- returning limit
- robot's load limit
- saturation limit
- scoring limit
- search limits
- semiautomatically selected limit
- set limit
- setting limit
- software limit
- software stroke limits
- speed limit
- stability limit
- stress limit
- stroke limit
- surface endurance limit
- tight limit
- tolerable limit
- tolerance limit
- travel limit
- up limit
- upper limit
- VB limit
- warning limit
- wear limit
- working limit
- yield limit

English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > limit
6 range

1. n ряд, линия; цепь, вереница

range work — рядовая кладка

a range of mountains — горная цепь

range of mountains — горная цепь

range of cable — длина якорной цепи

long range link — линия дальней связи

low range of hills — невысокий ряд холмов

range of manufactures — ряд производителей

2. n серия, ряд

the whole range of events — целая цепь событий

range of — ряд; множество

system range — типажный ряд

range of columns — ряд колонн

folder range — ряд фальцмашин

polymer-homologous range — полимер-гомологический ряд

3. n редк. строй, шеренга

4. n линия; направление

the tree is in range with the house — дерево стоит на одной линии с домом

range line — длинная линия

trial range — мерная линия

steering the range — правление по створу

range extender — усилитель абонентских линий

range azimuth — направление навигационного створа

5. n сфера, зона; область, круг; поле, арена

range of use — область применения

range of influence — сфера влияния

range of activity — размах деятельности

a vast range of knowledge — огромный круг знаний

a wide range of interests — разнообразные интересы; широкий круг интересов

Latin is out of my range — латынь — это не по моей части

the thorniest question in the whole range of politics — самый острый вопрос всей политической жизни

his reading is of very wide range — он начитан во многих областях

post-buckling range — область за точкой потери устойчивости

autorotation range — дальность полета на режиме авторотации

troostite formation range — область образования троостита

variable range — область переменной; переменный диапазон

flight service range — эксплуатационная дальность полета

6. n пределы

aircraft capacity range — предел загрузки воздушного судна

within the range of possibility — в пределах возможного

range control switch — переключатель пределов измерения

infinitely range — предел бесступенчатого регулирования

continuous range — предел бесступенчатого регулирования

7. n эк. изменение, колебание, движение

price range — движение цен

enlargement range — интервал изменения масштаба увеличения

joint range — диапазон изменения обобщенной координаты

translatory range — диапазон поступательного движения

range variation value — величина изменения расстояния

range of temperatures — пределы колебания температур

8. n размах

average range — средний размах

moving range — скользящий размах

sampling range — размах выборки

9. n физ. размах колебаний

the range of a voice — диапазон голоса

10. n протяжение, пространство; пределы

the estate has a wide range — пределы имения обширны

range capability limit — предел дальности

center-of-gravity range — предел центровки

range of feeding movements — предел подачи

table-setting range — предел наладки стола

limit of maximum range — предел досягаемости

11. n спец. радиус действия; предел применения; досягаемость

range of operation — дальность действия

depth range — пределы колебания глубины

vertical range — досягаемость по высоте

over the range — в пределах; в диапазоне

range of stability — предел устойчивости

range of application — область применения

12. n спец. диапазон

frequency range — радио диапазон частот, частотный диапазон

attenuation range — диапазон ослабления

comprehensive range — обширный диапазон

key range low — диапазон нижнего тембра

range of audibility — звуковой диапазон

range switch — переключатель диапазонов

13. n спец. чувствительность

range of sensibility — диапазон чувствительности

sensitivity range — диапазон чувствительности

14. n спец. мощность

yield range — диапазон мощности

power range — диапазон мощностей

15. n мат. область значений функций

restricted range — ограниченная область распространения

range of a variable — область изменения переменной

solid-solution range — область твердого раствора

range of tolerance — область допустимых значений

extrinsic range — область примесной проводимости

16. n дальность; расстояние, дистанция

range mark — ориентир

range estimation — определение расстояния на глаз

range of visibility — дальность видимости

at long range — на большом расстоянии; далеко; издали

picking-up range — дальность обнаружения

range correction — поправка по дальности

range measurement — измерение расстояния

range of communication — дальность связи

range track — сопровождение по дальности

17. n радио дальность передачи

autotracking range — дальность автоматического сопровождения

automatic range control unit — автомат управления дальностью

record range — пристрелянная дальность по реперу, ориентиру

range discrimination — разрешающая способность по дальности

visual detection range — дальность визуального обнаружения

18. n воен. дальнобойность, дальность

combat range — боевая дальность

assigning range — пристрелочная дистанция

range unit — блок дальности

range gate — строб дальности

range ring — кольцо дальности

range scale — шкала дальности

short range — малая дальность

19. n воен. прицел

range angle — угол прицеливания

opening the range — увеличение прицела

open the range — увеличивать прицел

opened the range — увеличил прицел

20. n переход с места на место; блуждание

free range — полный простор, полная свобода

effective sonar range — эффективная дальность действия ГАС

effective asdic range — эффективная дальность действия ГАС

radio range leg — равносигнальная зона радиомаяка

interference-free range — свободная от помех зона

elasto-plastic range — упругопластичная зона

21. n открытая местность, степь

long range mapping — дальний обзор местности

ground mapping range — дальность обзора местности

22. n охотничье угодье

23. n с. -х. неогороженное пастбище

range appraisal — оценка пастбища

range utilization — использование пастбища

24. n ассортимент, сортамент; номенклатура

range of commodities — ассортимент

range of colours — гамма цветов

range of patterns — коллекция образцов товаров

a large range of motor-cars for sale — в продаже большой выбор автомобилей

broad range of goods — товар широкой номенклатуры

product range — номенклатура выпускаемых изделий

commercial range of goods — товарный ассортимент

range of export goods — экспортный ассортимент

type face range — ассортимент шрифтов

25. n спец. шкала

aperture range — фото шкала диафрагм

high range — крупная шкала

scale range — диапазон шкалы

range of colors — шкала цветов

range of scale — диапазон шкалы

tonal range — градационная шкала

26. n биол. ареал; район обитания; область распространения

signal range — дальность распространения сигналов

plastic range — область пластической деформации

infrared spectral range — инфракрасная область

transition range — область переходного режима

tolerance range — область допустимых значений

27. n биол. период существования на Земле

short range requirement — потребность на ближайший период

high side of range — зона высоких значений

freak range — зона неустойчивой слышимости

low side of range — зона низких значений

acquisition range — зона радиовидимости

28. n биол. редк. класс, слой

asset depreciation range — класс собственности по сроку амортизации

29. n биол. физ. длина пробега, пробег

final range — конечный пробег

ionization range — ионизационный пробег

ultimate range — максимальный пробег

range straggling — разброс пробегов

maximum range — максимальный пробег

residual range — остаточный пробег

30. n спец. степень

reduction range — фото величина уменьшения

range of discretion — степень свободы

viscosity range — степень вязкости

31. n спец. класс, разряд

32. n спец. спорт. направление атаки

close range attack — атака с близкого расстояния

33. n спец. мор. ряд портов, порты

Hamburg-Antwerp range — порты между Гамбургом и Антверпеном

orthen range — порты американского побережья Атлантического океана

34. n спец. мор. створ

steer the range — править по створу

steered the range — правил по створу

35. n спец. воен. полигон, стрельбище; тир

test range — испытательный полигон

open range — стрельбище

range of fire — полигон

firing range — стрельбище

shooting range — стрельбище

rifle range — тир, стрельбище

36. n спец. амер. геод. меридианный ряд населённых пунктов

range to go — дальность до намеченного пункта

37. n спец. амер. двусторонний стеллаж

38. v выстраивать в ряд; ставить, располагать в порядке

to range soldiers — построить солдат

order range — диапазон порядков

out of range — вне досягаемости

runway visual range — дальность видимости на ВПП

out of rifle range — вне досягаемости огня винтовки

39. v обыкн. выстраиваться, строиться в ряд; становиться, располагаться в порядке

they ranged themselves along the curb — они выстроились вдоль тротуара

operation frequency range — рабочий диапазон частот прибора СВЧ

40. v простираться; тянуться вдоль

houses that range along the railway — дома, которые тянутся вдоль железной дороги

the range of hills strikes southerly — цепь холмов тянется к югу

41. v стоять на одной линии

our house ranges with the next building — наш дом стоит на одной линии с соседним зданием

elastic range — упругая зона

aural range — зона слышимости

inelastic range — неупругая зона

safe range — зона безопасности

workpiece range — зона обработки

42. v быть на одном уровне, стоять наравне; относиться к числу

he ranges with the great writers — он стоит в одном ряду с великими писателями; он относится к числу великих писателей

rep range — рамки числа повторений

gear range — шкала передаточных чисел

throttling range — зона регулирования

interference range — зона интерференции

range of ratios — диапазон передаточных чисел

43. v занимать определённую позицию

they were ranged against us — они выступили против нас

they were ranged among the rebels — они примкнули к стану мятежников

44. v редк. вовлекать, привлекать

45. v колебаться в определённых пределах

prices ranged between 2 and 10 shillings — цены колебались между 2 и 10 шиллингами

plastic range test — определение пределов пластичности

spatial range — предел перемещений в пространстве

employment range — пределы численности работающих

range of humidity — предел колебания влажности

range of current — пределы измерения силы тока

46. v поэт. бродить, блуждать; странствовать; исколесить

to range forests — бродить по лесам

to range the seas — бороздить моря

47. v бродить; блуждать

to range far and wide — отвлекаться от темы, уходить в сторону

his eyes ranged over the audience — его взгляд блуждал по аудитории

48. v охватывать

researches ranging over a wide field — изыскания, охватывающие широкую сферу

range over — охватывать

49. v классифицировать; систематизировать; распределять по категориям; относить к классу, разряду

to range plants according to genus and species — классифицировать растения по роду и виду

gross-weight range — весовая категория грузового автомобиля

youth market range — категория молодежной аудитории

range finder station — командно-дальномерный пост

luxury range — изделия категории " люкс "

range of scatter — поле рассеяния

50. v книжн. убирать, приводить в порядок

to range golden hair — причёсывать золотые волосы

51. v наводить, нацеливать

to range a gun on a particular object — навести орудие на определённый объект

52. v мор. воен. передвигаться, перемещаться

53. v воен. двигаться впереди, в первом эшелоне

primary key range — диапазон первой составляющей тембра

54. v мор. проходить, обгонять

55. v редк. проявлять непостоянство

56. v биол. водиться, встречаться

57. v с. -х. выпасать скот на неогороженном пастбище

critical range — критическая зона

58. v полигр. выравнивать

to range right — выравнивать строку вправо

to range left — выравнивать строку влево

59. v мор. идти параллельно; проходить мимо, вдоль

to range the coast — идти вдоль побережья

60. v мор. отпускать канат якоря

61. v воен. определять расстояние до цели

close range observation — наблюдение с ближнего расстояния

to obtain the range — определять дальность

striking range — дальность поражения цели

killing range — дальность поражения цели

at close range — на небольшом расстоянии

62. v воен. пристреливать цель по дальности; пристреливаться

intermediate range weapon — оружие промежуточной дальности

aquisition range — дальность радиолокационного обнаружения

minimum intercept range — минимальная дальность перехвата

long range control — телеуправление на больших дальностях

zero-payload range — дальность без коммерческой загрузки

63. n кухонная плита

gas range — газовая плита

fuel range — огневая плита

cooking range — кухонная плита

galley range — камбузная плита

kitchen range — кухонная плита

mud range — напольная кухонная плита

64. n тех. агрегат, установка

dyeing range — агрегат для крашения; красильная установка

range setting — установка прицела

Синонимический ряд:

1. ambit (noun) ambit; capacity; circle; compass; confine; confines; dimensions; extension; extensity; extent; grasp; horizon; ken; limits; orbit; panorama; purview; radius; realm; scope; sphere; stretch; sweep; width

2. class (noun) class; kind; rank; sort

3. diapason (noun) diapason; gamut; scale; spectrum

4. distance (noun) distance; limit; reach

5. expanse (noun) area; expanse; length; region

6. grassland (noun) grassland; meadow; pasture; prairie

7. habitat (noun) habitat; haunt; home; locality; site; stamping ground

8. mountain range (noun) chain; group; mountain range; sierra

9. order (noun) extent; magnitude; matter; neighborhood; order; tune; vicinity

10. row (noun) file; line; row; series; tier

11. extend (verb) extend; fluctuate; go; lie; occupy; run; stretch out; vary

12. group (verb) arrange; array; assort; class; classify; dispose; distribute; group; marshal; order; organise; rank; sort; systematise

13. line (verb) align; allineate; line; line up

14. wander (verb) bat; circumambulate; drift; encompass; explore; gad; gad about; gallivant; maunder; meander; mooch; peregrinate; ramble; roam; roll; rove; straggle; stray; stroll; traipse; traverse; vagabond; vagabondize; wander

Антонимический ряд:

disconnect; disorder; disturb; intermit; remain

English-Russian base dictionary > range
7 range

•

- boiling range
- cut range - distillation range - effective range - full range - ignition range - measuring range - melting range - mid-point-boiling range - rated range - sensitivity range - spark plug heat range - tolerance range - volatility range - working range
•

см. также limit, margin

English-Russian chemmotology dictionary > range
8 stress

1) (механическое) напряжение; напряжённое состояние; условное напряжение

2) нагрузка, усилие

3) гидроудар

4) воздействие

5) нагрузка на единицу площади, интенсивность нагрузки, удельная нагрузка

•

stresses beyond the elastic limit — напряжения за пределом упругости

stress circle of Mohr — круг напряжений Мора

bottom-chord stress — усилие в нижнем поясе ( фермы)

stress due to prestress — усилие ( в бетоне), вызванное предварительным напряжением

stresses in the elastic range — напряжения в упругой плоскости

stresses in the plastic range — напряжения в пластической области

to combine stresses — складывать напряжения

to concentrate stresses — концентрировать напряжения

to generate a stress — вызывать напряжение

to initiate a shear stress — вызывать напряжение сдвига

to relax a stress — снимать напряжение

to stand the stress — выдерживать напряжение

to take stress — воспринимать напряжение

- abrupt stress
- actual stress - admissible stress - advancing load stress - allowable stress - alternate stress - applied stress - arch stress - axial stress - bar stress - basic stress - bearing stress - belt stresses - bending stress - blow stress - bond stress - braking stress - breaking stress - calculated stress - chord stress - circular symmetrical stress - combined stress - completely reversed stresses - complex stress - compressive stress - compressive stress in bending - concrete stress - constant stress - cooling stress - couple stress - crack stress - crackforming stress - crippling stress - critical stress - critical compressive stress - cross-bending stress - cyclical stresses - dead stress - dead-load stress - design stress - direct stress - discontinuity stress - downward stress - dynamic stress - ecological stress - edge stress - effective stress - elastic stress - engineering stress - erection stress - external stress - fabrication stress - failing stress - fatigue stress - fatigue limit stress - fibre stress - final stress - flexural stress - floor stress - fluctuating stresses - friction-induced stress - functional stress - gravity stress - ground stress - handling stress - heat stress - hoist stresses - hoop stress - horizontal stress - impact stress - indirect stress - induced stress - inherent stresses - initial stress - intermediate stress - internal stress - jacking stress - lateral stress - limiting maximum stress - linear stress - live load stress - load stress - local stresses - locked-up stresses - longitudinal stress - mechanical stress - net stress - neutral stress - normal stress - operating stress - operational stress - permissible stress - plane stress - point-load stress - primary stress - principal stresses - proof stress - radial stress - reinforcement stresses - relaxation of stresses - repeated stresses - residual stress - reverse stress - rupture stress - safe stress - secondary stress - shearing stress - shock stress - simple stress - snow load stress - specific stress - static stress - subsidiary stress - surface stress - sustained stress - sway stress - tangential stress - temperature stress - tensile stress - thermal stress - thermal stress on structure - three-dimensional stress - time-dependant stress - torsional stress - total stress - transverse stress - true stress - twisting stress - ultimate stress - uniaxial stress - unit stress - unsafe stress - varying stress - vibratory stress - volumetric stress - water stress - wave stress - welding stress - wheel-load stress - wind stress - working stress - yield stress - yield point stress
* * *

1.   (внутреннее) усилие, внутренняя сила

2.   (механическое) напряжение

3.   нагрузка на единицу площади, интенсивность нагрузки, удельная нагрузка

stress acting away from the joint — усилие ( в элементе фермы), действующее от узла

stresses arising from bending and axial loading — напряжения, возникающие от поперечного изгиба и действия продольных сил

stresses at a point — напряжения в точке

stresses beyond the elastic limit — напряжения за пределами упругости

stress constant across the section — напряжение, постоянное по всему сечению

stress due to bending and shear — напряжение от изгиба и поперечных сил

stress due to prestress — усилие обжатия бетона; напряжение в бетоне, вызванное обжатием

stresses due to wind forces — напряжения от сил ветра, напряжения от ветровой нагрузки

stresses in a rectangular coordinate system — напряжения в системе прямоугольных координат

stresses induced by loads — напряжения, вызванные нагрузкой [нагружением] ( в отличие от температурных напряжений)

stresses in elastic range — напряжения в упругой области

stress in reinforcement — напряжение [усилие] в арматуре

stresses in the plastic range — напряжения в пластической области

stresses in truss components [in truss members] — усилия в стержнях [элементах фермы]

stress produced by design loads — напряжения от расчётных нагрузок

stress resolved into two components — напряжение, разложенное на две составляющие

stress varying from point to point — напряжение, меняющееся от точки к точке ( сечения элемента)

stresses with the elastic limit — напряжения, не превышающие предела упругости; напряжения в упругой области
- actual stress
- additional stress
- allowable stress
- allowable unit stress
- alternate stress
- anchorage bond stress
- average stress
- axial stress
- bar stress
- bearing unit stress
- bearing stress
- belt stress
- bending stress
- bending failure stress
- biaxial stress
- blow stress
- bond stress
- bottom-chord stress
- boundary stress
- breaking stress
- buckling stress
- calculated stress
- circumferential unit stress
- circumferential stress
- combined stresses
- combined bearing, bending, and shear stresses
- combined shear and bending stress
- compression stress
- compressive stress in bending
- concentrated-load stress
- constant stress
- crack-inducing stress
- crippling stress
- critical stress
- crushing stress
- cycle stress
- dead load stress
- design stress
- development bond stress
- deviation stress
- deviator stress
- direct stress
- drying shrinkage stresses
- dynamic stress
- edge stress
- effective stress
- equivalent stress
- erection stress
- extreme fiber stress
- extreme stress
- failure stress
- fatigue stress
- fiber stress
- final stress
- flexible stress
- floor stress during operation
- floor stress when climbing
- flow stress
- fluctuating stresses
- fracture stress
- freezing stresses
- gravity stress
- handling stresses
- high localized stresses
- hoop stress
- hydrostatic stress
- ideal main stress
- impact stresses
- initial stresses
- intergranular stress
- intermediate principal stress
- jacking stress
- larger principal stress
- limiting stresses permitted in the standard
- linearly varying stresses
- live-load stress
- local stresses
- local bond stress
- longitudinal stress
- main stress
- maximum stress
- maximum allowable stress
- maximum shearing stress
- mean stress
- mean cycle stress
- mean fatigue stress
- membrane stresses
- meridian stress
- negative normal stress
- neutral stress
- normal stress
- octahedral normal stress
- octahedral shear stress
- peak stress
- permissible stress
- plate stresses
- point-load stress
- positive normal stress
- primary stress
- principal stresses
- principal tensile stress
- proof stress
- proof stress at 0.2 percent set
- pulsating stress
- radial stress
- radial shearing stress
- reduced main stress
- reinforcement stress
- repeated stress
- residual stress
- reversed stress
- rupture stress
- safe stress
- secondary stresses
- service stress
- settlement stresses
- shear stress
- shear stresses on oblique planes
- shear buckling stress
- shearing stress
- shrinkage-related stress
- shrinkage stress
- smaller principal stress
- spherical stress
- splitting tensile stress
- static stress
- surface stress
- tangential stress
- temperature stress
- temporary stress
- tensile stress
- tensile stress due to bending
- thermal stress
- timber stresses
- time-dependent stress
- top-chord stress
- torsional stress
- total stress
- transverse bending stress in flange
- true stress
- truss stresses
- truss stresses determined by method of sections
- twisting stress
- ultimate stress
- ultimate shear stress
- ultimate tensile stress
- unit stress
- unit stress produced by design loads
- unrelieved stress
- working stress
- yield stress

Англо-русский строительный словарь > stress
9 speed

скорость; число оборотов; ускорять

allow the speed to settle — давать скорости установиться

at a speed of Mach 3 — при скорости, соответствующей числу М=3

best (cost) cruising speed — наивыгоднейшая [экономическая] крейсерская скорость полёта

best flap retraction speed — оптимальная скорость при уборке закрылков

best range cruise speed — крейсерская скорость полёта на максимальную дальность

clean (configuration) stall speed — скорость срыва [сваливания] при убранных механизации и шасси

critical engine failure speed — скорость в момент отказа критического двигателя

drag chute deployment speed — скорость безопасного раскрытия тормозного парашюта

engine-out discontinued approach speed — скорость ухода на второй круг с минимальной высоты при одном неработающем двигателе

flap(-down, -extended) speed — скорость полёта с выпущенными [отклонёнными] закрылками

formation maneuver entry speed — скорость в начале группового маневра

forward с.g. stalling speed — скорость срыва [сваливания] при передней центровке

gas generator compressor speed — число оборотов ротора компрессора (турбовального двигателя)

hold the speed down — уменьшать [гасить] скорость

landing gear extended speed — скорость полёта с выпущенным шасси

landing gear limit speed — предельно допустимая скорость полёта с выпущенным шасси

landing gear operating speed — скорость полёта при выпуске и уборке шасси

landing gear retraction speed — предельно допустимая скорость при уборке шасси

local speed of sound — местная скорость звука

Mach 1-plus speed — сверхзвуковая скорость полёта

maximum gear extension speed — максимально допустимая скорость полёта при выпуске шасси

maximum glide distance speed — скорость планирования на режиме максимальной дальности

military thrust climb speed — скорость набора высоты на боевом режиме (работы двигателей)

minimum rate of descent speed — скорость полёта с наименьшей вертикальной скоростью снижения

minimum single-engine control speed — минимальная эволютивная скорость полёта с одним (работающим) двигателем (из двух)

minimum speedln a stall — минимальная скорость срыва [сваливания]

one-engine-inoperative power-on stalling speed — скорость срыва [сваливания] при одном отказавшем двигателе

overshoot the lift-off speed — превышать скорость отрыва

rearward с.g. stalling speed — скорость срыва [сваливания] при задней центровке

representative cruising air speed — типовая крейсерская воздушная скорость, скорость полёта на типичном крейсерском режиме

speed of remote targeting — быстрота дистанционного наведения на цель

speed over the top — скорость в верхней точке (траектории, маневра)

usable maximum level speed — практически используемая максимальная скорость горизонтального полёта

zero rate of climb speed — скорость полёта при нулевой скороподъёмности [вертикальной скорости]

— abort speed

— accelerated stall speed

— acceleration check speed

— acoustic speed

— air speed

— all-burnt speed

— all-engine-enroute-climb speed

— all-out level speed

— allowable flutter speed

— angular speed

— approach speed

— aquaplaning speed

— automatic-pilot speed

— axial-flow speed

— backward speed

— balked landing speed

— baseleg speed

— be on speed

— best climbing speed

— best flare speed

— best glide speed

— block-to-block speed

— brakes-on speed

— burned speed

— burnout speed

— calculated speed

— calibrated air speed

— calibrated stalling speed

— catapulting speed

— choking speed

— chute-deployment speed

— circuit speed

— circular speed

— claimed speed

— climb schedule speeds

— climbing speed

— climbout speed

— closing speed

— coasting speed

— combat speed

— combined speed

— commencing speed

— compressor speed

— computed speed

— contact speed

— control reversal speed

— control speed

— conversion speed

— corrected speed

— critical escape speed

— critical flutter speed

— critical speed

— cross-shaft speed

— cruising speed

— cut the speed

— cut-in speed

— dash speed

— decision speed

— delivery drop speed

— departure speed

— designated speed

— discontinued approach speed

— diving speed

— Doppler ground speed

— downwind speed

— dropping speed

— economy cruise speed

— ejection speed

— end speed

— engagement speed

— engine shaft speed

— engine speed

— en-route speed

— entry speed

— escape speed

— estimated speed

— evacuation speed

— excessive speed

— exit speed

— falling speed

— ferrying speed

— film speed

— final approach speed

— final climbout speed

— final leg speed

— final speed

— first buffet speed

— flame speed

— flap limiting speed

— flap-up speed

— flare speed

— flight idling speed

— flight speed

— flutter onset speed

— flying speed

— forward speed

— free-stream speed

— fuel cut-off speed

— full-flap stalling speed

— full-stall speed

— gain speed

— gather speed

— gathering speed

— gear-down speed

— geostrophic wind speed

— getaway speed

— glide speed

— glide-slope speed

— go/no-go speed

— governed speed

— gradient wind speed

— ground speed

— ground-attack speed

— gust penetration speed

— gust speed

— halfways speed

— handbook speed

— handling speed

— high-altitude speed

— high-Mach speed

— high-speed cruise speed

— hit the speed

— holding pattern speed

— horizontal speed

— hump speed

— hydroplaning speed

— hypersonic speed

— idle speed

— idling speed

— impact speed

— indicated air speed

— initial climbout speed

— input speed

— landing approach speed

— landing climb speed

— landing pattern speed

— landing reference speed

— landing speed

— landing stall speed

— landing threshold speed

— lateral speed

— launching speed

— level-flight speed

— lg stall speed

— lift-off speed

— limit tire speed

— loitering speed

— long-range cruise speed

— lose speed

— low-altitude speed

— low-level speed

— lunar-return speed

— maintain the speed

— maneuvering speed

— maximum aero-tow speed

— maximum performance speed

— maximum tire speed

— maximum tyre speed

— minimum autorotation speed

— minimum drag speed

— minimum unstick speed

— minimum-run landing speed

— missile-to-target speed

— mixed speed

— near-orbital speed

— near-sonic speed

— never-exceed speed

— nonuniform speed

— nose lift-off speed

— nozzle-rotating speed

— on-the-deck speed

— operating speed

— optimum climbing speed

— orbital speed

— outbound speed

— output speed

— over-the-fence speed

— patrol ling speed

— pattern speed

— perigee speed

— peripheral speed

— pick up speed

— pitch speed

— placard speed

— play speed

— power-off speed

— power-on speed

— power-unit failure speed

— predicted speed

— prior-to-flare speed

— processing speed

— propagation speed

— propeller speed

— pump speed

— pumping speed

— push the speed

— radar track speed

— ramjet takeover speed

— rated speed

— reading speed

— rearward speed

— recording speed

— recover speed

— recovery speed

— rectified air speed

— red-line speed

— reentry speed

— reference speed

— reference touch-down speed

— refueling speed

— refusal speed

— regain speed

— regather speed

— relative speed

— release speed

— replay speed

— response speed

— return speed

— rolling speed

— rotation speed

— rotational speed

— rotor speed

— rotor-tip speed

— rough-air penetration speed

— rough-air speed

— rudder effective speed

— run speed

— safe speed

— screen speed

— sea level speed

— second cosmic speed

— self-propelled speed

— short landing speed

— short takeoff speed

— sideward speed

— sidewise speed

— sinking speed

— sliding speed

— sonic speed

— specific speed

— specified speed

— speed of projection

— speed of retraction

— speed on go-around

— speed on separation

— speed on-the-deck

— speed under power

— speed up

— speeds at transition

— spinup speed

— stabilized idle speed

— stable flying speed

— stage speed

— stalling speed

— stall-warning speed

— steady-state speed

— straight-ahead stalling speed

— structural design speed

— structural limit speed

— suborbital speed

— subsonic speed

— super satellite speed

— supersonic speed

— sustained speed

— tail rotor speed

— takeoff climb speed

— takeoff ground speed

— takeoff rotor speed

— takeoff safety speed

— takeoff speed

— tape speed

— target speed

— taxiing speed

— terminal speed

— threshold control speed

— threshold speed

— tip speed

— tire limit speed

— tire spinup speed

— top speed

— touchdown sinking speed

— touchdown speed

— transition speed

— translational speed

— transonic speed

— trim speed

— trimmed speed

— trimming speed

— triple-sonic speed

— true air speed

— turbine speed

— turbine windmillingspeed

— turbulence penetration speed

— two-engine speed

— undercarriage placard speed

— unpowered rotor speed

— unreeling speed

— unstick speed

— unwinding speed

— vacuum speed

— vertical speed

— whirling speed

— winch-launching speed

— windmilling speed

— wind-over-the-deck speed

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > speed
10 stress

stress

n
1.   (внутреннее) усилие, внутренняя сила

2.   (механическое) напряжение

3.   нагрузка на единицу площади, интенсивность нагрузки, удельная нагрузка

stress acting away from the joint — усилие ( в элементе фермы), действующее от узла

stresses arising from bending and axial loading — напряжения, возникающие от поперечного изгиба и действия продольных сил

stresses at a point — напряжения в точке

stresses beyond the elastic limit — напряжения за пределами упругости

stress constant across the section — напряжение, постоянное по всему сечению

stress due to bending and shear — напряжение от изгиба и поперечных сил

stress due to prestress — усилие обжатия бетона; напряжение в бетоне, вызванное обжатием

stresses due to wind forces — напряжения от сил ветра, напряжения от ветровой нагрузки

stresses in a rectangular coordinate system — напряжения в системе прямоугольных координат

stresses induced by loads — напряжения, вызванные нагрузкой [нагружением] ( в отличие от температурных напряжений)

stresses in elastic range — напряжения в упругой области

stress in reinforcement — напряжение [усилие] в арматуре

stresses in the plastic range — напряжения в пластической области

stresses in truss components [in truss members] — усилия в стержнях [элементах фермы]

stress produced by design loads — напряжения от расчётных нагрузок

stress resolved into two components — напряжение, разложенное на две составляющие

stress varying from point to point — напряжение, меняющееся от точки к точке ( сечения элемента)

stresses with the elastic limit — напряжения, не превышающие предела упругости; напряжения в упругой области

- actual stress
- additional stress
- allowable stress
- allowable unit stress
- alternate stress
- anchorage bond stress
- average stress
- axial stress
- bar stress
- bearing unit stress
- bearing stress
- belt stress
- bending stress
- bending failure stress
- biaxial stress
- blow stress
- bond stress
- bottom-chord stress
- boundary stress
- breaking stress
- buckling stress
- calculated stress
- circumferential unit stress
- circumferential stress
- combined stresses
- combined bearing, bending, and shear stresses
- combined shear and bending stress
- compression stress
- compressive stress in bending
- concentrated-load stress
- constant stress
- crack-inducing stress
- crippling stress
- critical stress
- crushing stress
- cycle stress
- dead load stress
- design stress
- development bond stress
- deviation stress
- deviator stress
- direct stress
- drying shrinkage stresses
- dynamic stress
- edge stress
- effective stress
- equivalent stress
- erection stress
- extreme fiber stress
- extreme stress
- failure stress
- fatigue stress
- fiber stress
- final stress
- flexible stress
- floor stress during operation
- floor stress when climbing
- flow stress
- fluctuating stresses
- fracture stress
- freezing stresses
- gravity stress
- handling stresses
- high localized stresses
- hoop stress
- hydrostatic stress
- ideal main stress
- impact stresses
- initial stresses
- intergranular stress
- intermediate principal stress
- jacking stress
- larger principal stress
- limiting stresses permitted in the standard
- linearly varying stresses
- live-load stress
- local stresses
- local bond stress
- longitudinal stress
- main stress
- maximum stress
- maximum allowable stress
- maximum shearing stress
- mean stress
- mean cycle stress
- mean fatigue stress
- membrane stresses
- meridian stress
- negative normal stress
- neutral stress
- normal stress
- octahedral normal stress
- octahedral shear stress
- peak stress
- permissible stress
- plate stresses
- point-load stress
- positive normal stress
- primary stress
- principal stresses
- principal tensile stress
- proof stress
- proof stress at 0.2 percent set
- pulsating stress
- radial stress
- radial shearing stress
- reduced main stress
- reinforcement stress
- repeated stress
- residual stress
- reversed stress
- rupture stress
- safe stress
- secondary stresses
- service stress
- settlement stresses
- shear stress
- shear stresses on oblique planes
- shear buckling stress
- shearing stress
- shrinkage-related stress
- shrinkage stress
- smaller principal stress
- spherical stress
- splitting tensile stress
- static stress
- surface stress
- tangential stress
- temperature stress
- temporary stress
- tensile stress
- tensile stress due to bending
- thermal stress
- timber stresses
- time-dependent stress
- top-chord stress
- torsional stress
- total stress
- transverse bending stress in flange
- true stress
- truss stresses
- truss stresses determined by method of sections
- twisting stress
- ultimate stress
- ultimate shear stress
- ultimate tensile stress
- unit stress
- unit stress produced by design loads
- unrelieved stress
- working stress
- yield stress

Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.

Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > stress
11 factor

1) коэффициент; множитель || разлагать на множители

2) фактор

3) показатель

•

to factor out — выносить за скобки

factor of earthing — коэффициент заземления

factor of merit — 1. критерий качества 2. добротность

factor of proportionality — коэффициент пропорциональности

factor of quality — 1. критерий качества 2. добротность

factor of safety — 1. коэффициент запаса (прочности), запас прочности 2. коэффициент (фактор) безопасности 3. коэффициент надёжности

factor of safety against overturning — коэффициент запаса устойчивости против опрокидывания ( при расчёте подпорных стенок)

factor of safety against sliding — коэффициент запаса устойчивости против плоского сдвига по основанию ( при расчёте подпорных стенок)

factor of safety against ultimate stress — коэффициент запаса прочности по пределу прочности

factor of safety against yielding — коэффициент запаса прочности по текучести

factor of subdivision — фактор деления ( в расчётах непотопляемости судна)

-
2T pulse K factor
-
absorption factor
-
acceleration factor
-
accumulation factor
-
acoustic insulation factor
-
acoustic reduction factor
-
acoustic reflection factor
-
acoustical absorption factor
-
activity factor
-
additional secondary phase factor
-
additional secondary factor
-
aerodrome utilization factor
-
aircraft acceleration factor
-
aircraft load factor
-
aircraft safety factor
-
aircraft usability factor
-
amplification factor
-
amplitude factor
-
anisotropy factor
-
annual growth factor
-
annual plant factor
-
anthropogenic factor
-
aperture shape factor
-
application factor
-
array factor
-
ASTM stability factor
-
atmospheric factor
-
atomic factor
-
attenuation factor
-
automatic scale factor
-
availability factor
-
available heat factor
-
available-lime factor
-
average noise factor
-
balance factor
-
bandwidth factor
-
barrier factor
-
base-transport factor
-
basin shape factor
-
beam shape factor
-
bed-formation factor
-
belt differential factor
-
belt factor
-
belt sag factor
-
biological quality factor N
-
biological quality factor
-
biotic factor
-
blast-penetration factor
-
blockage factor
-
brake factor
-
break-even load factor
-
bulk factor
-
bulking factor
-
burnup factor
-
calibration factor
-
Callier factor
-
capacitance factor
-
capacity factor
-
car capacity utilization factor
-
cargo load factor
-
catalyst carbon factor
-
catalyst gas factor
-
cement factor
-
cementation factor
-
characteristic factors
-
chemotactic factor
-
climatic factor
-
clotting factor
-
CNI factor
-
coil magnification factor
-
coincidence factor
-
coke-hardness factor
-
coke-permeability factor
-
Colburo heat-transfer factor
-
colicinogenic factor
-
colicin factor
-
comfort factor
-
common factor
-
compacting factor
-
compensation factor
-
complexity factor
-
compressibility factor
-
concentration factor
-
confidence factor
-
consumer load coincidence factor
-
contrast factor
-
control factor
-
conversion factor
-
conveyance factor
-
core factor
-
correction factor
-
correlation factor
-
coupling factor
-
cover factor
-
crack susceptibility factor
-
crest factor
-
critical stress intensity factor
-
cross-modulation factor
-
current amplification factor
-
current amplitude factor
-
current transformer correction factor
-
current unbalance factor
-
current waveform distortion factor
-
cyclic duration factor
-
damage factor
-
damage severity factor
-
damping factor
-
daylight factor
-
dc conversion factor
-
decontamination factor
-
defective factor
-
deflection factor
-
deflection uniformity factor
-
degeneration factor
-
degradation factor
-
degree-day melting factor
-
demagnetization factor
-
demand factor
-
depolarization factor
-
derating factor
-
design factor
-
design load factor
-
detuning factor
-
deviation factor
-
dielectric loss factor
-
differential diffraction factor
-
diffuse reflection factor
-
diffuse transmission factor
-
dilution factor
-
dimensionless factor
-
directivity factor
-
discharge factor
-
displacement factor
-
displacement power factor
-
dissipation factor
-
distortion factor
-
distribution factor
-
diversity factor
-
division factor
-
dose buildup factor
-
dose reduction factor
-
drainage factor
-
drug resistance factor
-
duty cycle factor
-
duty factor
-
ecological factor
-
edaphic factor
-
effective demand factor
-
effective multiplication factor
-
effective-volume utilization factor
-
efficiency factor
-
electromechanical coupling factor
-
elimination factor
-
elongation factor
-
emission factor
-
emissivity factor
-
engineering factors
-
enlargement factor
-
enrichment factor
-
environmental factor
-
etch factor
-
excess air factor
-
excess multiplication factor
-
expansion factor
-
exponential factor
-
exposure factor
-
external factor
-
extraction factor
-
extraneous factor
-
F factor
-
Fanning friction factor
-
fatigue notch factor
-
feedback factor
-
field form factor
-
field length factor
-
field water-distribution factor
-
fill factor
-
filter factor
-
filtration factor
-
fineness factor
-
flux factor
-
food factor
-
force factor
-
form factor
-
formation volume factor
-
formation-resistivity factor
-
formation factor
-
fouling factor
-
F-prime factor
-
frequency factor
-
frequency multiplication factor
-
friction factor
-
fuel factor
-
fundamental factor
-
gage factor
-
gain factor
-
gamma factor
-
gas factor
-
gas multiplication factor
-
gas producing factor
-
gas recovery factor
-
gas saturation factor
-
geometrical structure factor
-
geometrical weighting factor
-
g-factor
-
grading factor
-
granulation factor
-
grindability factor
-
growth factor
-
harmonic distortion factor
-
harmonic factor
-
heat conductivity factor
-
heat gain factor
-
heat leakage factor
-
heat loss factor
-
heat-stretch factor
-
heat-transfer factor
-
host factor
-
hot-channel factor
-
hot-spot factor
-
hull-efficiency factor
-
human factor
-
hysteresis factor
-
improvement factor
-
inductance factor
-
infinite multiplication factor
-
inhibitory factor
-
innovation factor
-
institutional factor
-
integer factor
-
integrating factor
-
interlace factor
-
intermodulation factor
-
K bar factor
-
Kell factor
-
lamination factor
-
leakage factor
-
lethal factor
-
light-transmission factor
-
lime factor
-
limit load factor
-
linear expansion factor
-
literal factor
-
load curve irregularity factor
-
load factor
-
loading factor
-
longitudinal load distribution factor
-
Lorentz factor
-
loss factor
-
luminance factor
-
luminosity factor
-
magnetic form factor
-
magnetic leakage factor
-
magnetic loss factor
-
magnification factor
-
maximum enthalpy rise factor
-
membrane swelling factor
-
minimum noise factor
-
mismatch factor
-
mode I stress intensity factor
-
mode II stress intensity factor
-
mode III stress intensity factor
-
modifying factor
-
modulation factor
-
modulus factor of reflux
-
moment intensity factor
-
mu factor
-
multiplication factor
-
multiplicity factor
-
multiplying factor
-
Murphree efficiency factor
-
mutual coupling factor
-
mutual inductance factor
-
natural factor
-
negative phase-sequence current factor
-
negative phase-sequence voltage factor
-
neutron multiplication factor
-
noise factor
-
nonlinearity factor
-
notch concentration factor
-
notch factor
-
numerical factor
-
obturation factor
-
oil factors
-
oil recovery factor
-
oil saturation factor
-
oil shrinkage factor
-
opening mode stress intensity factor
-
operating factor
-
operating load factor
-
operational factor
-
operation factor
-
optimum noise factor
-
orbit burden factor
-
output factor
-
overcurrent factor
-
overload factor
-
pacing factor
-
packing factor
-
paratypic factor
-
partial safety factor for load
-
partial safety factor for material
-
particle-reduction factor
-
passenger load factor
-
peak factor
-
peak responsibility factor
-
peak-load effective duration factor
-
penetration factor
-
performance factor
-
permeability factor
-
phase factor
-
phase-angle correction factor
-
phasor power factor
-
physiographic factor
-
pitch differential factor
-
pitch factor
-
plain-strain stress intensity factor
-
plane-earth factor
-
plant capacity factor
-
plant-load factor
-
plant-use factor
-
porosity factor
-
positive phase-sequence current factor
-
positive phase-sequence voltage factor
-
potential transformer correction factor
-
powder factor
-
power factor
-
power filling factor
-
primary phase factor
-
primary factor
-
prime factor
-
proof/ultimate factor
-
propagation factor
-
propagation meteorological factor
-
propagation terrain factor
-
proportionality factor
-
proximity factor
-
pulsation factor
-
quality factor
-
R factor
-
radiance factor
-
radio-interference suppression factor
-
readiness factor
-
recombinogenic factor
-
recovery factor
-
rectification factor
-
reduction factor
-
redundancy improvement factor
-
reflection factor
-
reflectivity factor
-
refraction factor
-
refrigerating factor
-
reheat factor
-
relative loss factor
-
relative severity factor
-
release factor
-
reliability demonstration factor
-
reliability factor
-
relocation factor
-
repairability factor
-
repeatability factor
-
reservoir volume factor
-
reset factor of relay
-
resistance transfer factor
-
restorability factor
-
revenue load factor
-
ripple factor
-
risk factor
-
rolling shape factor
-
roll-off factor
-
roughness factor
-
runoff factor
-
safety factor for dropout of relay
-
safety factor for pickup of relay
-
safety factor of insulation
-
safety factor
-
sag factor
-
saturation factor
-
scale factor
-
scaling factor
-
screening factor
-
screen factor
-
secondary-electron-emission factor
-
self-transmissible factor
-
separation factor
-
service factor
-
sex factor
-
shadow factor
-
shape factor
-
sheet ratio factor
-
shielding factor
-
shield factor
-
shrinkage factor
-
signal-to-noise improvement factor
-
size factor
-
skew factor
-
slant-range correction factor
-
sliding factor
-
slip factor
-
smoothing factor
-
snagging factor
-
soap factor
-
social factor
-
socioeconomic factor
-
solubility factor
-
sound absorption factor
-
space factor of winding
-
space factor
-
spreading factor
-
squeezing factor
-
stability factor
-
stacking factor
-
stage amplification factor
-
standing-wave factor
-
steam reduction factor
-
steam-zone shape factor
-
storage factor
-
stowage factor
-
strain concentration factor
-
streamflow formation factor
-
strength factor
-
stress concentration factor
-
stress intensity factor
-
stretch factor
-
structure factor
-
submergence factor
-
summability factor
-
superficial friction factor
-
support factor
-
surface correction factor
-
surface-area factor
-
tapping factor
-
technical preparedness factor
-
telephone influence factor
-
termination factor
-
terrain factor
-
thermal eta factor
-
thermal factor
-
thermal utilization factor
-
thermodynamic factor
-
thrust-deduction factor
-
time factor
-
time-scale factor
-
tire size factor
-
tooth factor
-
transfer factor
-
transmission factor
-
transport factor
-
traveling-wave factor
-
trigger factor
-
truck service factor
-
tuning factor
-
turbidity factor
-
turbulence factor
-
twist factor
-
U-factor
-
unavailability factor
-
unbalance factor
-
unit conversion factor
-
usage factor
-
utilization factor
-
vacuum factor
-
velocity gain factor
-
velocity factor
-
viscosity factor
-
void factor
-
voltage amplification factor
-
voltage amplitude factor
-
voltage ripple factor
-
voltage unbalance factor
-
voltage waveform distortion factor
-
volume-utilization factor
-
wake factor
-
water encroachment factor
-
water saturation factor
-
waveform distortion factor
-
wear factor
-
weather-forming factor
-
weight load factor
-
weighting factor
-
weight factor
-
winding factor
-
wobble factor
-
wood swelling factor
-
work factor
-
yield factor
-
zero phase-sequence current factor
-
zero phase-sequence voltage factor

Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > factor
12 space

1) интервал, промежуток

2) пробел || оставлять пробелы

3) область; площадь

4) пространство || пространственный

5) космос, космическое пространство

6) полость

7) расстояние

•

space over algebra — пространство над алгеброй

space over field — пространство над полем

space with absolute — пространство с абсолютом

space with affine connection — пространство с аффинной связью

space with bilinear metric — пространство с билинейной метрикой

space with boundary — пространство с краем

space with countable base — пространство со счетной базой

space with indefinite metric — пространство с индефинитной метрикой

space with involution — пространство с инволюцией

space with operators — пространство с операторами

space with scalar product — пространство со скалярным произведением

space with two topologies — пространство с двумя топологиями

space with weak metric — пространство со слабой метрикой

space without norm — ненормированное пространство

to space out — полигр. набирать вразрядку

to space out at equal distances — размещать с равными интервалами

- absolute space

- absolutely closed space
- absolutely compact space - absolutely embedded space - absolutely thick space
- abstract space

- action space

- acyclic space

- adele space

- adjacency space

- adjoint space

- adjunct space

- adjunction space

- affine space

- affinely connected space

- air space

- algebraic space

- algebraic transformation space
- algebraically parallel space - almost complex space - almost expandable space - almost isomorphic space - almost metric space - almost nonsingular space - almost paracompact space - almost pretopological space
- alternating space

- ambient space

- analytic space

- analytically isomophic space
- analytically ramified covering space
- analytically ramified space

- analytically uniform space

- anisotropic space

- antidiscrete space

- antidual space

- antiholomorphic space

- antilinear space

- antimetrizable space

- approximation space

- approximative space

- approximatively compact space
- arcwise connected space
- areal space

- arithmetical space

- aspherical space

- associated space

- atomic space

- axiomatic space

- background space

- baggage-and-cargo space

- balanced space

- banach space

- barrelled space

- base space

- berthing space

- biaffine space

- bianalytic space

- biaxial space

- bicompact space

- biconnected space

- binormal space

- biplanar space

- bisequential space

- bitopological space

- bivector space

- boiler water space

- bornological space

- boson space

- bounded space

- boundedly compact space

- bundle space

- cathode space

- causal space

- cellular space

- centered affine space
- centrally harmonic space
- chain space

- character space

- classifying space

- closed space

- coabsolute space

- cocompact space

- cohomologically trivial space

- cohomology space

- coladder space

- collapsible space

- collectionwise normal space

- column space

- comb space

- common factor space

- compactifiable space

- compactly generated space
- compactly ordered space
- complementary space

- complete space

- completely bounded space
- completely continuous space - completely degenerate space - completely disconnected space - completely harmonic space - completely metric space - completely normal space - completely reducible space - completely regular space - completely reticulated space - completely separable space - completely separated space - completely symmetric space - completely uniformizable space
- complex space

- compologic space

- concentrated space

- conditionally compact space

- configuration space

- confined space

- conformal space

- conjugate space

- consistently ordered space
- constant curvature space - continuous sample space - continuously ordered space - contractible in itself space
- contractible space

- contravariant tensor space

- control space

- conuclear space

- convergence space

- convex space

- coordinate space

- coordinatized space

- coreducible space

- coset space

- cosmic space

- cotangent space

- countable space

- countably compact space
- countably compactifiable space - countably dimensional space - countably generated space - countably infinite space - countably metacompact space - countably multinormed space - countably normed space - countably paracompact space - countably refinable space - countably subcompact space
- coupled space

- covered space

- covering space

- criteria space

- critical space

- curve space

- curved space

- cut space

- dark space

- decision space

- decomposition space

- deducted space

- deep space

- deformable space

- degenerate space

- dense space

- dense-in-itself space

- determinable space

- developable space

- difference space

- differential space

- dimensionality space

- dimensionless space

- directed space

- director space

- discoherent space

- disconnected space

- discretely expendable space

- disk space

- dispersed space

- distal space

- distinguished space

- distribution space

- dodecahedron space

- domain space

- door space

- doubly connected space

- drift space

- duality in space

- dually metric space

- dyadic space

- effective space

- elliptic space

- embeddable space

- embedded space

- enclosed space

- endomorphism space

- energetic space

- enveloping space

- equable space

- equiaffine space

- equimorphic space

- equipped space

- equiprojective space

- equiuniformly continuous space

- equivalent space

- error space

- estimation space

- Euclidean space

- even-dimensional space

- event space

- exempted space

- expandable space

- expanding space

- extended space

- extension space

- extremal space

- extremally disconnected space

- factor space

- faithful space

- Faraday dark space

- favorable space

- feebly finite-dimensional space

- fermion space

- fiber space

- fibre space

- figure space

- filled space

- filter space

- filtered space

- finally compact space

- finite space

- finite-dimensional space

- finitely compact space
- finitely productive space - finitely sheeted space - finitely triangulated space
- fixed space

- flag space

- flat space

- foamy space

- foliated space

- foot space

- four-dimensional space

- framed space

- fully complete space
- fully normal space
- function space

- fundamental space

- fuzzy space

- gage space

- gamma space

- gas space

- general metric space
- general metrizable space - general topological space
- generalized space

- generic space

- genus of space

- geodesic space

- geodesically complete space
- global analytic space - globally symmetric space
- good space

- group space

- group-like space

- guard space

- half-spinor space

- harmonic space

- hazy space

- hedgehog space

- hemicompact space

- hereditarily disconnected space
- hereditarily normal space - hereditarily paracompact space - hereditarily separable space - hereditarily symmetric space
- hereditary space

- Hilbert space

- hilbertizable space

- holomorphic cotangent space
- holomorphic tangent space - holomorphically complete space - holomorphically convex space
- holonomic space

- homeomorphic space

- homogeneous space

- homotopically trivial space
- homotopy associative space
- horizontal space

- hyperbolic space

- hypercompact space

- hypercomplete space

- hyperconvex space

- hypermetric space

- hypocompact space

- icosahedron space

- ideal space

- image space

- imaginary space

- imperfect space

- incidence space

- incomplete space

- indecomposable space

- indiscrete space

- induced space

- inductive limit space

- infinite-dimensional space

- infinitely dominated space

- infinite-sheeted space

- infinitesimal space

- infrabarrelled space

- infrahomogeneous space

- infratunnel space

- initially compact space

- injective space

- inner product space

- input space

- integration space

- interaction space

- intermediate space

- internal space

- interplanetary space

- interpolating space

- interpolation space

- interstitial space

- invariant space

- irreducible space

- isometrically isomorphic space
- iterated loop space
- jet space

- kegly space

- killing space

- knot space

- lacunar space

- lacunary space

- lattice-isomorphic space

- leaf space

- lean space

- left space

- lens space

- lexicographic space

- lightly compact space

- limit space

- limit-closed sequence space

- linearity space

- linearly compact space
- linearly connected space - linearly ordered space - linearly topologized space - load space
- localizable space

- locally bicompact space
- locally bounded space - locally closed space - locally compact space - locally complete space - locally connected space - locally contractible space - locally convex space - locally directed space - locally fine space - locally holomorphic space - locally homogeneous space - locally hyperbolic space - locally linear space - locally metrizable space - locally ringed space - locally separable space - locally simply connected space - locally solid space - locally spherical space - locally star-shaped space - locally symmetric space - locally timelike space - locally triangulable space
- logarithmic space

- loop space

- magic space

- manned space exploration

- many-dimensional space

- mapping of space

- mapping space

- mark space

- maximal ideal space

- measurable space

- measure space

- membership space

- mesocompact space

- metacompact space

- metrically homogeneous space

- metrically uniform space

- microhomogeneous space

- mildly paracompact space

- minimal space

- model space

- modular space

- moment space

- monotonically complete space
- monotonically normal space
- moving space

- mud space

- multidimensional space

- multinormed space

- multiply connected space
- naturally isomorphic space - naturally ordered space - naturally reductive space
- n-connected space

- near-affine space

- nearly continuous space
- nearly paracompact space - negative metric space
- negative-definite space

- neighborhood extension space

- neighborhood space

- nested space

- nildimensional space

- nilpotent space

- nonatomic space

- noncollapsible space

- noncomplete space

- noncompletely regular space

- nonconvex space

- noncountably dimensional space

- nondegenerate space

- nondenumerable sample space

- non-Euclidean space

- nonholonomic space

- nonhomogeneous space

- nonmetric space

- nonmetrizable space

- nonnormable space

- nonorientable space

- nonreductive space

- nonseparable space

- nonsingular space

- nonsmooth space

- nonstratifiable space

- nonvacuous space

- normalized space

- normally hereditary space
- normally separated space - not simply connected space - nowhere connected space - null space of linear transformation
- null space

- number space

- numerable space

- numerably contractible space
- n-way projective space
- object space

- observation space

- octahedron space

- odd-dimensional space

- one-dimensional space

- one-point space

- one-way projective space

- orbit space

- orderable space

- ordered space

- oriented space

- orthonormal space

- oscillating space

- outcome space

- outer space

- output space

- paracompact space

- paracomplete space

- parallel space

- parameter space

- parametric space

- pararegular space

- partially ordered space

- partition space

- partitionable space

- passenger space

- path space

- pathwise connected space

- pattern space

- perfectly homogeneous space
- perfectly normal space - perfectly regular space - perfectly screenable space - perfectly separable space - peripherically bicompact space - peripherically compact space
- phase space

- pivot space

- plane space

- player space

- playing space

- pointed space

- point-free space

- pointwise closed space
- pointwise paracompact space
- polar space

- policy space

- polyhedral space

- positive-definite space

- possibility space

- potential space

- power series space

- preadjoint space

- precompact space

- predual space

- prehomogeneous space

- prepolar space

- prestratified space

- pretopological space

- preudocomplete space

- preudoprojective space

- preuniform space

- preunitary space

- prime ideal space

- primitive space

- principal fiber space

- principal space

- probabilistic space

- probability space

- product space

- productive space

- projecting space

- projectively flat space
- projectively metric space
- proximity space

- pseudocompact space

- pseudoconcave space

- pseudodiscrete space

- pseudomagic space

- pseudometric space

- pseudometrizable space

- pseudonormal space

- pseudosemimetric space

- pseudosemimetrizable space

- pseudospherical space

- pseudotopological space

- quadratic space

- quasiaffine space

- quasianalytic space

- quasibarrelled space

- quasicompact space

- quasicomplete space

- quasicomplex space

- quasidevelopable space

- quasidiscrete space

- quasidual space

- quasielliptic space

- quasifiber space

- quasigage space

- quasihyperbolic space

- quasihypermetric space

- quasiinfrabarrelled space

- quasilinear space

- quasilocally closed space

- quasimetric space

- quasinormable space

- quasinormal space

- quasinormed space

- quasiorderable space

- quasiproper space

- quasipseudometric space

- quasireflexive space

- quasistrongly compact space

- quasisymplectic space

- quasitopological space

- quasiultrabarrelled space

- quasiuniform space

- quasiuniformizable space

- quaternion elliptic space
- quaternion hyperbolic space - quaternion projective space - quaternion vector space
- quoin space

- quotient space

- range space

- ranged space

- ranked space

- rarefied space

- rational space

- ray space

- reciprocal space

- recurrent space

- reference space

- reflection space

- region of space

- regularly cocompact space
- regularly ordered space
- relative space

- relatively compact space
- relatively discrete space - relatively strong space
- representation space

- reproducing kernel space

- residual space

- resolvable space

- restricted space

- reticulated space

- rigger space

- right space

- rigid space

- ringed space

- ring-like space

- root space

- rotund space

- row space

- ruled space

- sample space

- scattered space

- screenable space

- secondary combustion space

- self-conjugate space

- semibicompact space

- semicompact space

- semicomplete space

- semielliptic space

- semihyperbolic space

- semiinfinite space

- semilinear space

- semilocal space

- semimagic space

- seminormable space

- seminormal space

- seminormed space

- semiordered space

- semipseudometric space

- semireducible space

- semireflexive space

- semiregular space

- semiseparated space

- semistratifiable space

- semisymplectic space

- semiuniform space

- sequence space

- sequential convergence space
- sequentially closed space - sequentially compact space - sequentially complete space - sequentially quasicomplete space - sequentially separable space
- shunted projective space

- sigma-compact space

- simply harmonic space
- simply ordered space - simply partitionable space
- skew-metric space

- solenoidal space

- solid space

- solution space

- space of admissible variation
- space of affine connectedness
- space of approximants

- space of basic elements
- space of complex homomorphisms
- space of components

- space of connectedness

- space of constant curvature
- space of continuous functions
- space of contractions

- space of cosets

- space of currents

- space of curves

- space of differentials

- space of distribution

- space of embeddings

- space of endomorphisms

- space of events

- space of finite dimension
- space of finite measure
- space of functionals

- space of functions

- space of generalized elements

- space of germs

- space of homeomorphisms

- space of infinite measure

- space of integers

- space of kernels

- space of linear forms
- space of linear interpolation
- space of loops

- space of mappings

- space of maximal ideals

- space of measures

- space of numerical sequences

- space of operators

- space of paths

- space of points

- space of random variables
- space of right cosets - space of scalar curvature
- space of sequences

- space of sets

- space of signals

- space of skew-symmetric tensors

- space of solutions

- space of spinors

- space of splines

- space of strategies

- space of strings

- space of subsets

- space of symmetric tensors

- space of symmetry

- space of tempered distributions

- space of time

- space of trajectories

- space of values

- space of vectors

- spanned space

- specified space

- sphere-like space

- spherically complete space

- spheroidal space

- spline space

- stable reducible space

- standard space

- star-normal space

- star-screenable space

- star-shaped space

- state space

- steam space of boiler

- steam space

- stochastic space

- straight space

- strategy space

- strictly convex space
- strongly bounded space - strongly closed space - strongly compact space - strongly complete space - strongly irreducible space - strongly normal space - strongly normed space - strongly paracompact space - strongly pseudocompact space - strongly pseudometrizable space - strongly rigid space - strongly screenable space - structural space - structure space
- subcompact space

- subparacompact space

- subprojective space

- subsequential space

- sufficiently general space

- sum space

- supercompact space

- supercomplete space

- supermagic space

- superreflexive space

- symbolic space

- symmetric space

- symmetrizable space

- syntopogeneous space

- syntopological space

- taut space

- tessellated space

- tessellation space

- test space

- thick space

- thin space

- three-dimensional space

- tie space

- tight space

- time guard space

- timelike space

- tonnele space

- tooth space

- topologically closed space
- topologically complete space
- topologically equivalent spaces

- topologically homogeneous space

- toroidal space

- total space

- totally bounded space
- totally disconnected space - totally geodesic space - totally imperfect space - totally normal space - totally orderable space - totally ordered space
- trace space

- triangulable space

- triangulated space

- trivially magic space

- truncated space

- tween-deck space

- twistor space

- two-dimensional space

- two-point space

- ultrabornological space

- ultrametric space

- ultranormal space

- ultraregular space

- unconfined space

- uncountable space

- uncountably infinite space

- underlying space

- unicoherent space

- unified space

- uniformly continuous space

- uniformly convex space

- uniformly equivalent spaces

- union space

- universal space

- unrestricted parameter space

- usable space

- utility space

- vacuum space

- value space

- vertical space

- very incomplete space
- water jacket space - weakly closed space - weakly compact space - weakly complete space - weakly covering space - weakly dense space - weakly favorable space - weakly n-dimensional space - weakly paracompact space - weakly regular space - weakly separable space - weakly symmetric space
- weight space

- well chained space

- whole space

- zero-dimensional space

- zero-magic space

English-Russian scientific dictionary > space
13 near cash

!

гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

Introduction

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

Principles of the framework

The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
"
consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
" "
the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
" "
strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
"
the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
"
the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
"
the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)

The framework for public expenditure is divided between
"
Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
"
Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

back to top

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL)

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME)

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Total Managed Expenditure

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

back to top

Resource Accounting and Budgeting ( RAB)

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
"
Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
"
Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
"
Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
"
Administration Budgets (see below)

Administration Budgets

The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

Spending Reviews

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
"
provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
" "
enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
" "
introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
"
not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

back to top

Comprehensive Spending Review 2007

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
"
an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
" "
an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
" "
to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
"
further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Obtaining good performance

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

Departmental Investment Strategies (DISs)

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

————————————————————————————————————————

Page 5
"
GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
"
————————————————————————————————————————

Page 6

GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

————————————————————————————————————————

Page 7

GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

————————————————————————————————————————

Page 8

64Managing Public Money

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash
14 value

1) (числовое) значение ( физической величины), величина; показатель, число

2) оценка || оценивать

3) значимость; ценность

4) стоимость

5) мн. ч. горн. содержание компонента в руде

•

value in terms of the unite of length and time — значение, выраженное в единицах длины и времени;

to assign a value — приписывать значение;

to assume a value — принимать значение;

to attribute a value — приписывать значение;

to improve a value — уточнять значение; повышать точность значения;

to insert numerical values in an equation — подставлять числовые значения в уравнение;

to predetermine [prescribe, preset\] a value — задавать значение;

to read value off the scale — считывать показания по шкале;

to revise [verify\] a value — уточнять значение

-
AA value
-
Abbe value
-
absolute biological value
-
absolute value
-
acceptance value
-
accepted value
-
access value
-
acetyl value
-
acid value
-
actual octane value
-
actual value
-
adjusted value
-
adopted value
-
antiknock value
-
apparent biological value
-
approved value
-
approximate value
-
arbitrary value
-
ash value
-
assay value
-
assessed value
-
assigned value
-
asymptotic value
-
attrition value
-
available heating value
-
average value
-
baking value
-
base value
-
bearing value
-
blending octane value
-
blending value
-
bogey value
-
boundary value
-
bromine value
-
buffer value
-
calculated value
-
calibrated value
-
calibration value
-
caloric value
-
calorific value
-
carbonyl value
-
Cauchy principal value
-
cementing value
-
center-line-average value
-
certified value
-
cetane value
-
characteristic value
-
cla value
-
clear blending value
-
closeness value
-
coagulation value
-
coke value
-
color value
-
combustion value
-
commercial value
-
common value
-
complement value
-
component values
-
computed value
-
conservative value
-
constant value
-
conventional value
-
corrected value
-
corrosion value
-
crest value
-
critical value
-
current value
-
cutting value
-
datum value
-
decision value
-
default value
-
delivery value
-
design value
-
dietary value
-
digestive value
-
distillation value
-
dot value
-
drop-out value
-
effective value
-
eigen value
-
energy value
-
equilibrium value
-
Erichsen value
-
ester value
-
expectation value
-
experimental value
-
exposure value
-
extrapolated value
-
extreme value
-
fiducial value
-
finite value
-
flash value
-
food value
-
full-scale value
-
F-value
-
GC value
-
gloss value
-
gross calorific value
-
guess value
-
heating value
-
heat value
-
heating value as fired
-
high heat value
-
higher calorific value
-
holding value
-
imaginary value
-
improved value
-
indicated value
-
information value
-
inhibiting value
-
initial value
-
instantaneous value
-
integral value
-
intermediate value
-
internationally recommended value
-
inverse value
-
iodine value
-
item value
-
knock value
-
Koettstorfer value
-
least-squares adjusted value
-
least-squares value
-
legitimate value
-
limiting value
-
limit value
-
limiting dynamic value
-
local mean value
-
low heat value
-
lower calorific value
-
lower-range value
-
maximax value
-
maximum scale value
-
mean value
-
mean-square value
-
measured value
-
metallurgical value
-
milling value
-
minimum scale value
-
momentary value
-
NC value
-
net calorific value
-
net energy value
-
nominal value
-
normalized value
-
numerical value
-
nutritive value
-
observed value
-
octane value
-
open-circuit values
-
operating value
-
original value
-
oxygen value
-
part-program value
-
peak value
-
peak-to-peak value
-
peak-to-valley value
-
performance value
-
physical value
-
pickup value
-
place value
-
potential gum value
-
predetermined value
-
predicted value
-
preferred value
-
prestored value
-
principal value
-
proper value
-
quantization value
-
rank value
-
rated value
-
rated withstand value
-
rating value
-
real value
-
rectified value
-
reduced value
-
reduction value
-
reference value
-
refined value
-
refining value
-
regulatory value
-
resetting value
-
reset value
-
resultant value
-
returning value
-
revised value
-
rms value
-
rough value
-
roughness value
-
rounded-off value
-
saponification value
-
saturation value
-
scale-division value
-
second-hand value
-
setting value
-
set value
-
short-circuit values
-
short-time average value
-
soak value
-
spatial value
-
specific value
-
specified value
-
standard value
-
starting value
-
steady-state value
-
successive values
-
superheat value
-
survival value
-
tabulated value
-
target value
-
temporal value
-
test value
-
threshold value
-
toluene value
-
tone value
-
tool offset value
-
torsion value
-
total heating value
-
tristimulus values
-
true biological value
-
true food value
-
true value
-
typical value
-
unit value
-
unrounded value
-
upper-range value
-
U-value
-
value of argument
-
value of error
-
value of function
-
value of variable
-
variable value
-
virtual decision value
-
virtual value
-
V-notch Charpy value
-
weighted average value
-
weighted value
-
working value

Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > value
15 force

1. n
1) сила, мощь

2) действенность; действие, воздействие (соглашения, закона и т.п.)

3) применение силы, насилие, принуждение

4) pl войска, вооруженные силы; вооружения

5) группа

6) сила (производительная, политическая и т.п.); фактор

7) численность

8) (the Force) полиция (особ. Великобритании)

•

to abandon the use of force — отказываться от применения силы

to abstain from force — воздерживаться от применения силы

to acquire constitutional force — приобретать конституционную силу

to alert one's armed forces — приводить вооруженные силы в боевую готовность

to apply force — применять силу

to authorize the use of force — санкционировать применение силы

to avoid force — избегать применения силы

to awaken forces — пробуждать силы

to balance conventional forces — устанавливать равновесие обычных вооружений ( в Европе)

to be in force — иметь (юридическую) силу; оставаться в силе

to be the first to use force — использовать силу первым

to beef up one's military forces — укреплять свои вооруженные силы

to believe in force — быть сторонником применения насилия

to bring an agreement into force — вводить соглашение в силу

to build up military forces — наращивать военную мощь; сосредоточивать войска

to cease to be in force — утрачивать силу

to change the international balance of forces — изменять международное соотношение сил

to clear rebel forces from somewhere — очищать какой-л. район от войск мятежников

to come into force — вступать в силу

to commit US forces to the Gulf — направлять вооруженные силы США в район Персидского залива

to consolidate forces — консолидировать силы

to continue in force — оставаться в силе; действовать (о законе и т.п.)

to cut back the forces — сокращать силы

to disband / to dismantle forces — демобилизовывать / распускать войска

to distort the balance of forces — искажать соотношение сил

to do work for security forces — сотрудничать с силами безопасности

to encourage all progressive forces (to) — поощрять / поддерживать все прогрессивные силы

to endorse the use of military force — одобрять применение военной силы

to enhance the imbalance in military forces — увеличивать разрыв в вооруженных силах

to enter a city in force — брать город приступом; вводить в город крупные воинские формирования

to enter into force — вступать в силу

to expand one's armed forces — увеличивать свои вооруженные силы

to form a new invasion force — формировать интервенционный корпус

to forswear the use of force — отказываться от использования силы

to give freer rein to market forces — давать большую свободу силам рынка

to have binding force — иметь обязательную силу

to have no force — быть недействительным; не иметь силы

to improve one's defense forces — совершенствовать свои силы самообороны

to improve the safety of the UN forces — укреплять безопасность сил ООН

to join forces — объединяться; объединять силы

to join forces with smb — объединять силы с кем-л.

to join the forces — вступать в армию

to keep forces on red alert — держать вооруженные силы в состоянии повышенной боевой готовности

to limit forces — ограничивать численность войск

to lose legal force — утрачивать законную силу

to maintain military forces — содержать войска

to maintain the balance of forces — поддерживать равновесие / соотношение сил

to mandate a multinational force — санкционировать создание многонациональных сил

to mass forces — сосредоточивать войска

to modernize one's forces — модернизировать свои вооруженные силы

to order the armed forces into action — отдавать приказ войскам перейти к боевым действиям

to place forces on alert — приводить вооруженные силы в состояние боевой готовности

to put down by brutal force — подавлять грубой силой

to put in force — осуществлять, проводить в жизнь; вводить в действие

to put the armed forces on full alert — приводить вооруженные силы в состояние полной боевой готовности

to rally forces — сплачивать силы

to reduce conventional forces in / throughout Europe — сокращать количество войск и обычных вооружений в Европе

to refrain from using force — воздерживаться от применения силы

to rely on military force — полагаться на военную силу

to remain in force — оставаться в силе, действовать (о законе и т.п.)

to remove smb by force — свергать кого-л.; насильственно отстранять кого-л. от власти

to reshape one's armed forces — реорганизовывать свои вооруженные силы

to resort to force — прибегать к силе / насилию

to retaliate with military force — наносить ответный военный удар

to rule a country by sheer force — управлять страной, опираясь исключительно на силу

to seek negotiated reductions in conventional forces — добиваться сокращения обычных вооружений путем переговоров

to send an observer force into a country — направлять группу наблюдателей в страну

to send in ground forces — направлять сухопутные войска в страну

to settle smth by military force — решать что-л. с помощью применения военной силы

to set up one's own armed forces — создавать собственные вооруженные силы

to shore up forces — укреплять силы

to strengthen the forces of peace — укреплять силы мира

to suppress smth by brute force — подавлять что-л. грубой силой

to switch forces — перебрасывать вооруженные силы

to take on the peace-keeping force — принимать бой с силами по поддержанию мира

to take recourse to force — прибегать к силе / насилию

to take smth by force — захватывать что-л. силой

to thin one's forces — сокращать свои войска

to threaten force — угрожать применением силы

to trim one's forces — сокращать численность своих войск

to unite forces — объединять силы

to use force against smb — использовать силу против кого-л.

to use armed forces — использовать вооруженные силы

to use excessive force — злоупотреблять применением силы

to use reasonable force — применять силу оправданно

to weaken forces — ослаблять силы

to withdraw forces from... — выводить войска из...

- Determined Force
- accelerated development of productive forces
- active forces
- activities of forces
- actual force
- advance force
- aggressive forces
- aggressor forces
- air forces
- alignment of forces
- alliance of the forces
- allied forces
- allocation of forces
- anti-aircraft forces
- anti-colonialist forces
- anti-fascist forces
- anti-government forces
- anti-kidnap force
- anti-monopoly forces
- anti-national forces
- anti-popular forces
- anti-war forces
- armed forces of a country
- armed forces
- assault force
- Atlantic Nuclear Force
- balance of forces

- basic productive force
- binding force
- bomber forces
- border forces
- border-security forces
- brutal force
- build-up forces
- build-up of forces
- by force
- by sheer force
- carrier striking force
- Central American task force
- character of the armed forces
- coalition forces
- combatant forces
- combined forces
- Commonwealth Military Force
- competing forces
- competition forces
- compulsory force
- conditions of entry into force
- conservative forces
- consistent force
- consolidation of all forces
- contributor to the multinational force
- Conventional Force in Europe
- conventional forces
- correlation of forces
- crack forces
- cross-border force
- crude force
- deep cuts in conventional forces
- defense forces
- democratic forces
- determining force in social development
- deterrent force
- directing force
- display of force
- disquiet in the armed forces
- division of political forces
- dominant force
- economic force
- effective forces
- elemental forces of nature
- enforcement forces
- entry into force

- external force
- extraction force
- follow-on force
- force is not the answer
- force of a clause
- force of a treaty
- force of an agreement
- force of argument
- force of arms
- force of example
- force of law
- force of occupation
- force of public opinion
- force of weaponry
- force to be reckoned with
- forces in the field
- forces of aggression and war
- forces of flexible response
- forces of internal and external reaction
- forward-based forces
- free play of democratic forces
- full force of the treaty
- general purpose forces
- ground forces
- guiding force
- hired labor force
- IFOR
- in force
- in full force
- independent force
- inequitable relationship of forces
- influential force
- intermediate range forces
- international balance of forces
- international peace-keeping forces
- internationalist forces
- interplay of political forces
- interposing force
- invasion forces
- irregular forces
- joint NATO armed forces
- labor force
- land forces
- landing force
- lawful use of force
- leading force in smth
- leading force
- left-wing forces
- legal force
- liberation forces
- local forces
- logistical forces
- main force
- major force
- mandatory force
- manifestation of force
- material force
- member of a peace-keeping force
- military force
- monetary forces
- motive force
- moving force
- multilateral forces
- mutinous forces
- mutual non-use of military force
- national forces
- national liberation forces
- national political forces
- natural forces
- nature of forces
- naval forces
- noneconomic forces
- non-use of force
- nuclear forces
- nuclear strike force
- obligatory force of international treaties
- observer force
- occupation force
- occupying force
- of legal force
- on entry into force
- operation of market forces
- operational forces
- opposing forces
- organizing force
- pan-Arab force
- paramilitary forces
- patriotic forces
- peace forces
- Peace Implementation Force
- peace-keeping forces
- peace-safeguarding forces
- people's armed forces of liberation
- phased withdrawal of the forces
- police force
- policy of force
- political force
- posture of forces
- potent force
- powerful force
- professionally led force
- progressive forces
- pro-independence forces
- proportions of forces
- punitive forces
- quick-reaction force
- Rapid Deployment Force
- Rapid Reaction Force
- rapid-action force
- RDF
- rebel forces
- recourse to force
- reduction in the armed forces
- regional security forces
- regrouping of forces
- relationship of forces
- reserve force
- reserve of the forces
- resistance forces
- resort to force
- retaliatory forces
- revanchist forces
- revolutionary forces
- rightist forces
- right-wing forces
- rough parity of forces
- ruling forces
- sea forces
- sea-based strategic missile forces
- second-strike force
- security forces
- self-defense forces
- SFOR
- shifts in the alignment of forces
- show of force

- size of the armed forces
- social and political forces
- social forces
- socio-political forces
- special forces
- spontaneous force
- Stabilization Force
- strategic air forces
- strategic forces
- Strategic Rocket Force
- strength of the armed forces
- strike force
- striking force
- suppression by force
- task force
- territorial force
- theater nuclear forces
- third force
- threat of force

- TNF
- ultra-right forces
- UN buffer force
- UN Emergency Force
- UN observer force
- unification of forces
- unification of the armed force under a single command
- unified forces
- unilateral cuts in smb's forces
- United Nation Protection Force
- United Nations forces
- United Nations peace-keeping forces
- unity of forces
- UNPROFOR
- use of military forces
- use of preemptive force
- vital force
- voluntary military forces
- weakening of forces
- with political forces splintering
- withdrawal of forces
- without resort to force
- work force
- world market forces 2. v
заставлять, принуждать, вынуждать

to force smb out — 1) вытеснять кого-л. 2) отстранять кого-л. от власти

Politics english-russian dictionary > force
16 coverage

coverage n
зона действия
angle of coverage
угол действия
area of coverage
зона действия
area of coverage of the forecasts
район обеспечения прогнозами
azimuth coverage
зона обзора по азимуту
beam coverage
зона действия луча
coverage boundary
граница зоны действия
coverage limit
зона действия
coverage of the chart
картографируемый район
coverage sector
сектор зоны действия
early warning coverage
зона дальнего обнаружения
effective coverage
эффективная зона действия
radar coverage
зона действия радиолокатора
range of coverage
радиус действия

English-Russian aviation dictionary > coverage

См. также в других словарях:

range — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun 1 different things within the same category ADJECTIVE ▪ broad, enormous, extensive, great, huge, large, vast, wide ▪ … Collocations dictionary
range — [rānj] vt. ranged, ranging [ME rangen < OFr ranger, var. of rengier, to arrange in a circle, row (> ME rengen) < renc < Frank * hring, akin to OE, OHG hring,RING2] 1. to arrange in a certain order; esp., to set in a row or rows 2. to… … English World dictionary
range — I (New American Roget s College Thesaurus) n. row, series, chain; scope, extent; habitat; limit, span, latitude; compass, register; Distance; stove[top], cooktop. See continuity, space, business, freedom, direction, degree. II (Roget s IV) n. 1.… … English dictionary for students
range — 1 /reIndZ/ noun 1 GROUP (singular) a number of things which are all different but of the same general type (+ of): an interesting range of books and videos | The drug is effective against a range of bacteria. | We teach the full range of ballroom … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
VHF omnidirectional range — This article is about the radio navigation aid. For other uses, see Vor. D VOR (Doppler VOR) ground station, co located with DME … Wikipedia
Speed limit — For a discussion of the maximum speed possible in the universe, see speed of light and special relativity. A road speed limit is the maximum speed allowed by law for road vehicles. Speed limits are commonly set and enforced by the legislative… … Wikipedia
Macedon Range Shire Council Electronic Gaming Machine Policy — The grant, transfer and addition of poker machine licenses in the State of Victoria continues to attract public interest. The Shire of Macedon Ranges Council s Electronic Gaming Machine (Pokies) Community Policy has evolved as a result of direct… … Wikipedia
9×39mm — Type Rifle Place of origin Soviet Union … Wikipedia
Bowhunting — is the practice of taking game animals by archery. It has been a normal use of archery in every culture that had bows. Technique In contrast to a rifle hunter, who may shoot effectively from ranges in excess of 200 yards (about 180 m), archers… … Wikipedia
naval ship — Introduction the chief instrument by which a nation extends its military power onto the seas. Warships protect the movement over water of military forces to coastal areas where they may be landed and used against enemy forces; warships… … Universalium
Dreadnought — For other uses, see Dreadnought (disambiguation). The oldest remaining dreadnought, USS Texas, was launched in 1912 and is now a museum ship. The dreadnought was the predominant type of 20th century battleship. The first of the kind, the… … Wikipedia

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с английского на русский

limit of effective range

Тематики

EN

Тематики

EN

DE

FR

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с английского на русский

limit of effective range

Тематики

EN

Тематики

EN

DE

FR

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка: